Chitoliro chachitsulo ndi Njira Zopangira

Mawu Oyamba

Kubwera kwaukadaulo wa mphero ndi chitukuko chake m'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma 1900 kudalengezanso kupanga mafakitale a chubu ndi chitoliro. Poyamba, zingwe zopindika za pepala zidapangidwa kukhala gawo lozungulira lozungulira ndi makonzedwe a fupa kapena masikono, kenako matako kapena pachimake chowotcherera pamoto womwewo (njira yowotcherera).

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira chubu ndi zitoliro zopanda msoko zidapezeka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zopangazo kumachulukirachulukira pakanthawi kochepa. Ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zowotcherera, kutukuka komwe kukupitilira komanso kupititsa patsogolo njira zopanda msoko zidapangitsa kuti chubu chowotcherera chikankhidwe pamsika, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chubu ndi chitoliro chopanda msoko zidalamulira mpaka Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.

Munthawi yotsatira, zotsatira za kafukufuku waukadaulo wazowotcherera zidapangitsa kuti chubu chowotcherera chiwonjezeke, ndipo ntchito yokulirapo idachitika ndikufalitsa njira zambiri zowotcherera chubu. Pakadali pano, pafupifupi magawo awiri pa atatu aliwonse opanga machubu achitsulo padziko lapansi amawerengedwa ndi njira zowotcherera. Koma mwa chiwerengerochi, pafupifupi kotala amatenga mawonekedwe otchedwa lalikulu m'mimba mwake mzere chitoliro mu osiyanasiyana miyeso kunja kwa amene ndi chuma yotheka mu seamless chubu ndi chitoliro kupanga.

Ndemanga yaku Germany ndiyanzeru…mwachiyembekezo mukumvetsetsa zomwe wokamba akunena ndikuwonetsa (-:

Seamless Tube ndi Chitoliro

Njira zazikulu zopangira machubu opanda msoko zidakhala chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Pamene maufulu a patent ndi eni ake adatha, zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimatsatiridwa poyamba zidayamba kuchepa ndipo magawo ake opangidwira adaphatikizidwa kukhala njira zatsopano. Masiku ano, luso lamakono lakula mpaka pamene zokonda zimaperekedwa kuzinthu zamakono zamakono:

The mosalekeza mandrel anagubuduza ndondomeko ndi Kankhani benchi ndondomeko mu kukula osiyanasiyana kuchokera pafupifupi. 21 mpaka 178 mm kunja kwake.

Multi-stand plug mphero (MPM) yokhala ndi ma mandrel bar oyendetsedwa (okakamizidwa) komanso njira ya pulagi mu kukula kwake kuyambira pafupifupi. 140 mpaka 406 mm kunja kwake.

Kuboola pamtanda ndi pilger kugubuduza ndondomeko mu kukula osiyanasiyana kuchokera pafupifupi. 250 mpaka 660 mm kunja kwake.

Mandrel Mill Process

Mu Mandrel Mill Process, kuzungulira kolimba (billet) kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Imatenthedwa mu ng'anjo yozungulira yotenthetsera ndiyeno kuboola ndi woboola. Chipolopolo choboola kapena chobowola chimakulungidwa ndi mphero ya mandrel kuti muchepetse m'mimba mwake ndi makulidwe a khoma lomwe limapanga chubu chambiri chambiri. Chubu cha mayi chimatenthedwanso ndikuchepetsedwa kukhala miyeso yodziwika ndi chochepetsera chotambasula. Chubucho chimakhazikika, kudulidwa, kuwongoleredwa ndikumalizidwa ndikuwunika ndikutumizidwa.

* Zindikirani: Njira zozindikiritsidwa ndi nyenyezi zimachitidwa motsatira ndondomeko ndi/kapena zofuna za kasitomala

Njira ya Mannesmann plug Mill

Pulagi Mill Process, yozungulira yolimba (billet) imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Imatenthedwa mofanana mu ng'anjo yowotchera yozungulira ndikulasidwa ndi woboola Mannesmann. Billet yoboola kapena chipolopolo chobowoka chimapindika mkati mwake ndi makulidwe a khoma. Chubu chokulungidwacho chinawotchedwa mkati ndi kunja ndi makina ozungulira. Chubu cha reeled kenako chimakulitsidwa ndi mphero yofikira miyeso yomwe yatchulidwa. Kuchokera pa sitepe iyi chubu chimadutsa mowongoka. Izi zimamaliza ntchito yotentha ya chubu. The chubu (lotchedwa mayi chubu) akamaliza ndi kuyendera, amakhala chomalizidwa.

Welded Tube ndi Chitoliro

Chiyambireni kupanga mzere ndi mbale, anthu akhala akuyesera kupindika ndikulumikiza m'mphepete mwake kuti apange chubu ndi chitoliro. Izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yakale kwambiri yowotcherera, yomwe inayamba zaka 150 zapitazo.

Mu 1825, wamalonda waku Britain wa ironware James Whitehouse adapatsidwa chilolezo chopanga chitoliro chowotcherera. Ntchitoyi inali yopangira zitsulo zachitsulo pa mandrel kuti apange chitoliro chotsegula, ndiyeno kutenthetsa m'mphepete mwa msoko wotseguka ndi kuwotcherera mwa kukanikiza pamodzi mwamakina mu benchi yojambula.

Ukadaulo udasinthika mpaka pomwe mzere ukhoza kupangidwa ndikuwotchedwa mu chiphaso chimodzi mu ng'anjo yowotcherera. Kukula kwa lingaliro la kuwotcherera matako kunafika pachimake mu 1931 mu njira ya Fretz-Moon yopangidwa ndi J. Moon, waku America, ndi mnzake waku Germany Fretz.

Mizere yowotcherera yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito njirayi ikugwirabe ntchito bwino masiku ano popanga machubu mpaka ma diameter akunja a pafupifupi. 114 mm. Kupatula njira yowotcherera yotentha iyi, momwe mzerewo umatenthetsera mu ng'anjo mpaka kutentha kwa kuwotcherera, njira zina zingapo zidapangidwa ndi American E. Thomson pakati pa zaka za 1886 ndi 1890 zomwe zimathandizira zitsulo kuti ziwotchedwe ndi magetsi. Maziko a izi anali katundu wopezedwa ndi James P. Joule pomwe kudutsa mphamvu yamagetsi kudzera pa kondakitala kumapangitsa kuti itenthe chifukwa cha kukana kwake kwa magetsi.

Mu 1898, Standard Tool Company, USA, idapatsidwa chilolezo chokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito kuwotcherera kwamagetsi pakupanga machubu ndi mapaipi. Kupanga magetsi kukana welded chubu ndi chitoliro analandira mphamvu ndithu mu United States, ndipo patapita nthawi mu Germany, kutsatira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mosalekeza otentha Mzere anagubuduza mphero kupanga chochuluka poyambira zinthu zofunika kupanga yaikulu. Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, njira yowotcherera argon arc idapangidwa - kachiwiri ku United States - yomwe idathandizira kuwotcherera koyenera kwa magnesium pakumanga ndege.

Chifukwa cha chitukukochi, njira zosiyanasiyana zowotcherera zotetezedwa ndi gasi zidapangidwa, makamaka popanga chubu chosapanga dzimbiri. -kuthekera kwa mapaipi atalitali, njira yowotcherera yomira-arc yapeza udindo wapamwamba kwambiri pakuwotcherera kwa chitoliro chamzere wa diameter kumtunda kwa pafupifupi. 500 mm.

Electric Weld Pipe Mill

Mzere wachitsulo mu koyilo, womwe wadulidwa mu m'lifupi wofunikira kuchokera pamzere waukulu, umapangidwa ndi mipukutu yotsatizana kukhala chipolopolo chautali wambiri. Mphepete zazitali zimalumikizidwa mosalekeza ndi kukana kwafupipafupi/kuwotcherera.
Chowotcherera cha chipolopolo chautali wambiri chimayikidwa pamutu pamagetsi, kukula kwake ndikudula kutalika kwake ndi makina odulira odulira. Chitoliro chodulidwacho chimawongoleredwa ndi kuwirikiza mbali zonse ziwiri.
Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi kuyendera kwa akupanga kapena kuyesa kwa hydrostatic.